A Worn Path, The Bean Trees, Little Women, How It Feels To Be Colored M

Courageous and Heroic Women in A Worn Path, The Bean Trees, Little Women, How It Feels To Be Colored Me, and the The Piano  Ã‚   Women have been heroic and courageous throughout history, though not all of these heroic (or courageous) adventures have been shown in any way.   Some of women’s heroic and courageous adventures are portrayed through short stories, books, and movies.   Eudora Welty’s short story â€Å"A Worn Path,† Barbara Kingsolver’s book The Bean Trees, Louisa May Alcott’s book Little Women, Zora Neale Hurston’s story â€Å"How It Feels To Be Colored Me,† and the movie â€Å"The Piano† all show women going through their own amazing and heroic adventures.   In these stories, the authors and director share with the reader (and watcher) the heroics of a woman.   Though these heroic adventures are full of risk and danger they are very valuable adventures for the characters’ health and development. In â€Å"A Worn Path† the character Phoenix Jackson walks through the forest on her way to town to get her grandson some medicine.   Now, Phoenix is an elderly lady, so this trip takes her awhile.   She has to go up and down hills, through thorny thickets, and over streams on logs.   Throughout the story she talks to herself and encourages herself to go on.   She talks to the brushes and the animals that she hears and tells them to keep â€Å"out of my way all you foxes, owls, beetles, jack rabbits, coons and wild animals!   Keep from under these feet†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilbert and Gubar 1641). This trip shows how heroic Phoenix is, for it’s pretty risky for her to take.   It might not be as risky for a younger person, but it’s hard for an older woman to go through barbed-wire fences, over logs, and through ditches.   She could get caught or hurt on any of the obstacl... ...es where he gets to do more with her than she wants, like touching her, taking off some of her clothes, and eventually sleeping with her.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of these women show their courage in some way or another, whether that courage is of the heart, mind, or body.   Women have had heroic and courageous qualities throughout history, but these women are some very good examples of how some women have the nerve and bravery to do and think what they feel is right no matter what men or other women think of them.   Works Cited: Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. New York: Signet, 1983. Hurston, Zora Neale. "How it Feels to be Colored Me." World Tomorrow, 11 (May, 1928) Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York : Harper, 1988. Welty, Eudora. "A Worn Path." Perrine's Story & Structure. 9th ed. Ed. Thomas Arp. Tokyo: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1997.

On the Waterfront Essay

Kazan does not only use Terry Malloy by establishing him a hero in On the Waterfront to value individual conscience or moral growth above community loyalty or sense of obligation, but also other characters like Edie and Father Barry. Unlike Terry, who has to gain individual conscience, Edie and Father Barry have never been really closely connected to the community, which allows them individual conscience. Their supporting role of Terry’s moral growth is used by Kazan to praise individual conscience, as it also liberates the waterfront. It should not be mistaken that Kazan does support individual conscience in the deaths of Charley and Dugan who had to die for the possession of a sense of justice. Their deaths were portrayed by Kazan as a type of martyrdom and also had a great impact on Terry, which resulted in his portrayal as a hero. Edie Doyle and Father Barry epitomise individual conscience, which Kazan attributes to how they are outsiders and allows this value to waver as both of them become more involved with actions of disruption and protest against the corrupt union on the waterfront. Father Barry was a â€Å"saint [who] hid in the church† believing that â€Å"time and faith were great healers†. It was Edie’s sense of justice which pushed Father Barry out of his passive role to work for social justice, as she bitingly scorned Father Barry’s inability with a close up used so that viewers can tangibly feel her resentment, when Joey had just been pushed off the roof of the tenement. Father Barry had transformed from being a â€Å"potato eater† (demeaning label of an Irish Catholic simpleton), to risk being â€Å"shipped off to Abyssinia† (a pun perhaps as the abyss is death) to break the mob’s corrupt grip on the waterfront. The attack on the church did not faze Father Barry despite the alarming clatter of baseball bats on the pavement and heads being using like baseballs, when the church was under attack by the union. Father Barry’s individual conscience grew as he firmly believed that â€Å"these people (the community) needed help†. This as well as going â€Å"right down to the wire† for Dugan, acted as a catalyst for Father Barry’s growth in individual conscience, which had made him a hero in his own right as he had to triumph over his own inhibitions and the conservative restrictions of and expectations of his role from the church. Edie unlike Father Barry, had already possessed individual conscience (she had contributed to Father Barry’s growth to provide justice), but she like Father Barry refrained from perpetually seeking an end to the corruption on the waterfront. Father Barry had sought to back Dugan as he talked to the crime commissioners so that they could charge the union of corruption, yet when Dugan died from an apparent ‘accident’ Father Barry shied away from taking an active role, preferring to be passive in his involvement, as seen when Terry came to ask for advice of whether he should go testify against the union where Father Barry in a bitter tone said that Terry’s â€Å"own conscience has got to do the asking†. This may suggest Father Barry’s guilt in pushing Dugan to take action which resulted in his death. Edie also refrained from the active role she had taken to find Joey’s killer and unknowingly fighting against the corrupt union, when she realised she loved Terry. Thus not wanting him to die but to â€Å"come to the country, where there is no Johnny Friendly†, who controlled the union, and threatened his life. She may have been trying to protect Terry but she did not consider the impact on those who work on the waterfront, including her own father, Pop Doyle, who would continue to be exploited by the union, thus perhaps compromising her morals to an extent. Unlike Terry, Father Barry and Edie were not empowered to stop the corruption of the union on the waterfront. It is in Father Barry and Edie’s inability to stop corruption that establishes Terry as the hero through his moral growth to individual conscience. Ultimately it is his triumph over the corrupt union to show that individual conscience is valued over community value, when comparing his moral growth to Father Barry and Edie’s. Kazan allowed the audience to follow Terry’s tumultuous moral growth allowing strong connection to form between the bodies. It was loss of Joey that had begun the transformation process that had reignited his bitterness for purposely losing in a boxing final to fulfil Johnny Friendly’s bet. Terry’s relationship with Edie had also contributed to his growth of moral conscience as an individual, as Terry wanted to protect as he confessed she was â€Å"the first nice thing that has ever happened to me† to Father Barry when he was seeking to know whether he should confess to the crime commission about Joey’s death. Father Barry had also encouraged Terry to be truthful to himself to develop individual conscience, allowing Terry to admit he was being used by Johnny Friendly (â€Å"it’s do it or else† when it comes to a favour from Friendly). Terry would not have been a hero with individual conscience if he had not the support from Edie and Father Barry. Terry had to struggle against community loyalty to achieve individual conscience. Kazan uses this struggle to humanise the character making him heroic. Terry had always been â€Å"one of theirs† or part of the union as he was the â€Å"brother of Charlie the Gent†, he was in a sense also an outsider like Edie and Father Barry from the workers of Hoboken on the docks yet he was driven by self-preservation, which led him to adopt the â€Å"D ‘n D† or Deaf and Dumb creed (not speaking up against anything the union did – keeping silent) from the dock workers, which inextricably created a superficial community loyalty as they shared the view that their â€Å"life was not worth a nickel†. It was Charlie’s death that had led to Terry going against community loyalty, as Charlie was his brother and shared a strong connection with each other. Charlie had looked out for Terry as he had sacrificed himself knowing â€Å"10 to 1 they (Johnny Friendly) won’t believe me†. This portrayed Terry as the tragic hero eliciting the sympathy of the audience who will celebrate as Terry topples Johnny Friendly’s position of power, as he stumbled battle worn after violently grappling with Friendly into the warehouse to take his position as the new spiritual leader of the workers, with trumpets in the soundtrack heralding his triumph. His growth to individual conscience had led to Terry’s redemption of Joey and Charlie’s death. Community loyalty would not have achieved this. Kazan valued individual conscience in Edie and Father Barry, but through them has shown that though it may motivate them to defeat corruption they may not be empowered to take action. It is through Terry that Kazan strongly values individual conscience by establishing him as an enduring hero, who had to undergo transformation and go against community loyalty, but also needed support to uproot Johnny Friendly and his corruption.

The Four Principles Of Mixed Methods Design - 968 Words

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The purpose of the planned study is to review the rationale behind the DOD transition, compare the old process to the new, and to determine if the transition will meet the DOD objectives that led to the change. The mixed methods design will be used based on the flexibility of this design and ability to utilize the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative tools to analyze information. Creswell and Plano Clark (2011) state the first step in implementing the mixed methods design is to be aware that a mixed methods study can be either fixed or emergent. The researcher should choose the fixed approach when they decide how to use the quantitative and qualitative components of their research priorShow MoreRelatedThe Overall Evaluation / Research Strategy Or Design?1543 Words   |  7 Pagesthe overall evaluation/research strategy or design? 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Will Mcclellan3/5/17. Herbert Hoover. Herbert Herbert Is

Will McClellan 3/5/17 Herbert Hoover Herbert Herbert is America’s 31st President and served between the years 1929-1933. He was president during some tough times such as the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. These were tough tasks for a president and since the Great Depression lasted so long, I don’t believe that he handled them very well so I believe that Herbert Hoover belongs in the hall of shame. Hoover became President in March, 1929. The stock market crash occurred in October, 1929 and lasted for four days. The stock market lost more than 25% of its value over those four days and is considered the worst crash in the history of the US stock market. The crash came after the successful†¦show more content†¦One major project he started was the construction of the Hoover Dam. This was part of a public work project designed to build things that needed to be build but also put people to work. Hoover started a project to build an very large dam and the project did employ thousands but since the project took years to complete, most were hired after he left office. The Hoover dam is considered one of the great engineering projects of all time . Hoover also supported the Smoot-Hawley Tariff which was designed to place a tariff or tax on farm imports to the US. The idea was to protect US farmers from cheaper foreign farm goods. But the idea backfired as other countries raised tariffs and just caused the Great Depression to deepen. Hoover also decided to raise the top income tax rate from 25% to 63%. This meant that top income earners would pay more taxes. He believed that this would raise much needed money to the government. But that did not happen. Top income earners had less income to spend and more had to go to the government. This slow down of spending caused the great depression to go on longer. It is now believed that lowering taxes is the best way to help a slow economy as people will have more money to spend. This will allow businesses to make more money and hire more people. Hoover did have some success with income tax. He decided to pursue gangsters for income tax

Essay about Communication Climates, Responses, and Dynamics

Communication Climates, Responses, and Dynamics COM 330 This paper will discuss small teams on a reality show called â€Å"There goes the Neighborhood†. This show is about a neighborhood that allows a brick wall to gate them in and they must learn to work together, not only as a family, but as neighbors too. In the beginning of the game, everything is taken away from them. For example, all of the luxuries such as appliances, televisions, snacks, video games, and children’s toys were all removed. There was no need for their cars since there was a huge wall around the neighborhood. These teams not only had to learn to become a team, but it would also teach them to appreciate everything that they have. The game encourages team work,†¦show more content†¦Often, cohesion is viewed from an affective perspective; as interpersonal attraction among members or to the group. 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Academic Skills Development free essay sample

However, as experienced writers point out, you do not have to be an award winning novelist or rousing poet to report the results of a well-conceptualized and executed study. You only need to be organized, accurate, clear and concise in your writing. And you have to keep your eye on the details, because, when writing an academic article, the devil is in the details (Feldman, 2004:1). Questions to discuss: 1) Why do we write scientific articles? What is their function? 2) What are the most difficult things for many people in writing an article? Task 2.Study the able that characterizes a writing process. Describe in detail what activities each stage involves (in your opinion). Preprinting Writing Revising Editing Proofreading Task 3. Traditionally, a scientific article has the following structure: title, abstract, keep. Roods, introduction, literature review, methods, findings and results, discussion, conclusion, references, if applicable, appendices. Match the following questions with articles structural elements. (Teaching materials designed by TUMS English instructor Karl Hughes. 2010) 1. What are my main points? Abstract 2.Is there any extra information? Introduction . What does it mean? Methods 4. What did I find out? Discussion 5. How did I deal with the problem? Rest Its 6. Whose work did refer to? Conclusion 7. Who helped me out? Acknowledgements 8. What is the problem? References 9. What did I do, in a nutshell? Appendices Article Components: Title The title, keywords, abstract, introduction and discussion are perhaps the most important as these are the doors and windows through which a reader is most likely to access the article. It is, therefore, extremely important to use effective key. Rods and make a title that is able to grab the readers attention. Guidelines to formulating a title: choose a title that would be proper and adequate to the function and style. For example, the title More than a one night stand would not be appropriate for a journal article on relationship marketing; the title should be as specific as possible given the restrictions on length; some of the keywords listed after the abstract should appear in the title; A title should preferably answer the following questions: What will be researched? How will the topic be researched? With whom? Describes the research population and units of measurement Where / in what context will the study be conducted? Language Practice Activity Task 4. Read seven suggestions for writing the title of a research paper. Which suggestions should you use to write a good title? Which suggestions dont give good advice? A) Make it about 50 words long b) Write it as a question c) Begin with a phrase like A study of . D) Inc lude a joke or play of words e) Include important key words for internet search tools f) Include information such as the species studies, the treatment used. G) Present the key result Task 5. Study the following titles and analyze how complete they are. Use the questions introduced above to help you choose the appropriate title. 1) Engineering students presentations: a focus on results or methodology? 2) Do engineering academics in Finland have job satisfaction? 3) Pedagogical evaluation of simulation tools usage in network technology education. 4) The algorithm of data scheme matching in information systems in oil and gas production. 5) Upstaging software for geological models of fields. 6) Cognitive radio application in IEEE 802. 22 wireless networks. Task 6. Choose the appropriate title. A A new signature file scheme based on multiple-block descriptor files for indexing very large data bases 1 b Signature file indexes based on multiple- block descried photo files AAA Extensions to ranking techniques for large text collections b An investigation of the effectiveness of extensions to standard ranking techniques for large text collections AAA Duplication of data leads to reduction in network traffic b Duplicating data to reduce network traffic AAA Artificial intelligence b Human intelligence and the foundations of artificial intelligence Language practice Activity Traditionally an abstract consists of four parts: State the research question Present the hypothesis Introduce the method Introduce key results Task 6.The following phrases can also be used to signal the purpose of each part of an abstract. Divide the phrases (a-I) into four groups according to their functions presented above. A) An investigation was undertaken to explore g) the study provides strong evidence that b) It seems likely that h)We demonstrate that c) Result show that I)We expected that d) The aim of the study was j) We investigated a new method of VERB-ins e) The data suggest that a) The method involved VERB-ins f) The present study investigates b) was found to (Taken from Cambridge English for Scientists. CUP. 201 1 . P. 74) Task 7. Read the abstracts below. Comment on their structure. Is it complete or not? What would you change?An engineering education response to a glossing world (Trend Clauses, Telemeter University College, Norway) ABSTRACT 1 In August 2002, the Engineering School at Telemeter University College, Pronghorn, Norway, commenced a nationally supported pilot project on recruiting vocational school graduates holding a relevant trade certificate to its electrical, electronics and control engineering department. Earlier, vocational school graduates would have had to spend one academic year or ore in the study of mathematics, sciences and languages to be considered eligible for admission. The principle of academic equivalence, with respect to the Education Act, is underlying this project.To make this principle work, the School, and not the students, had to change. After seven years of operation the admission is competitive, the academic results appear satisfactory, the retention has been improved all resulting in a better college economy. These benefits at present Seem to outweigh the administrative challenges Of running two parallel and different types of classes. Robotics education: a review of graduate profiles ND research pathways (Bruce Milton David Johnson, University of Technology Sydney) ABSTRACT 2: Robotics is a rapidly emerging field of engineering, and many of the Australian universities that offer a Bachelor of Engineering now offer majors in robotics/mechanics.This article explores and analyses some implications for robotics education, with a focus on graduate attributes and research pathways. The preliminary results of this review suggest that courses in robotics tend to include introductory material from a relatively large number of sub-disciplines, and robotics courses do not ordinarily permit he selection of sub-majors from other inter-related disciplines. It is concluded that courses might place greater emphasis on the graduate attributes that are essential to be able to work effectively in cross-discipline teams. It is also concluded that it may be beneficial to undertake further research, which compares the approaches to robotics education taken within Australian universities with the approaches of overseas counterparts. . 1 In the abstracts above underline the main components, such as: a) Background position b) Aim and thesis of article c) Method of research d) Results of research Writing Activity Task 8. Think about some research you have done recently. Write: One or two sentences which provide the key background to the research A sentence which states your research question A sentence which presents your hypothesis Two or three sentences outlining the main methods used One or two sentences presenting the key results A sentence which states the key implication of your finding. Introduction Introduction is the bridge to the proble m described in the article. Reading the introduction readers can clearly understand what problem is under study and how this study can advance their knowledge. Guidelines to writing an introduction: start your introduction with a specific question or the scientific context in which you are asking the question; briefly describe what has been known before your attempt to research the topic; briefly mention the results expected or achieved; an introduction should be half a page long. Phrase Bank for Writing an Introduction: 1) The article is based on findings from recent research into. 2) The arguments that will be put forward are relevant to 3) For the purpose of this article, two opposing theories will be scrutinized. It will be referred to Ens and Ups works, respectively. Many articles have been published on the subject of 5) Beyond the scope of this article, the analysis of 6) The first section reviews recent literature, with reference to the argument/ idea/theory concerning 7) This thesis consists of several parts. Each part describes 8) The material is divided into three sections, with each section devoted to 9) The dissertation is concerned with individual differences in with a focus on 10) The assignment will address the problem of socio- economic data in Note: for additional phrases, see Appendix 1, p. 131 133. Task 9. Find the appropriate word from the Phrase Bank above to fill in the issuing words in the introduction off paper. The (1) of this paper is to consider the nature of moral education in Soviet childrens literature.It is particularly (2) with the moral values presented in books published with the (3) of teaching reading at primary school. The thesis (4) of four parts. The first part attempts to (5) a number of general questions relating to childrens literature from the historical period. Parts 2, 3 and 4 are specifically to the Soviet example. Part 2 is (7) into three main sections, the first of which discusses the nature of the Soviet value system with a particular (8) n the work ethic. (Taken from: the textbook Academic Vocabulary in Use. CUP. 2008. P. 87) Task 10. Choose from the list below what is normally found in an introduction. Put Y for (yes) or N for (no). I) A definition of any unfamiliar terms in the title. (ii) Authors opinions on the subject Of the paper. (iii) Mention of some sources the author has read on the topic. (iv) A provocative idea or questions to interest the reader. (v) The aim or purpose of writing. (vi) The method the author adopts to answer the question. (vii) Some brief background to the topic. (viii) Any limitations the author sets himself. 10. Read the extracts below from introductions to articles and decide which of the functions above (I-viii) they are examples of. (I) In the past 20 years the ability of juries to assess complex or lengthy cases has been widely debated. Ii) The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The second section explains why corporate governance is important for economic prosperity. The third section presents the model specification and describes the data and variables used in our empirical analysis. The fourth section reports and discusses the empirical results. The fifth section concludes. (iii) The purpose of this paper is o investigate changes in the incidence of extreme warm and cold temperatures over the globe since 1870. (iv) There is no clear empirical evidence sustaining a managerial myopia argument. Pugh et al. (1992) find evidence that supports such theory, but Molecular et al. ( 1990), Mahoney et al. 1 997) and a study by the Office of the Chief Economist of the Securities and Exchange Commission (1985) find no evidence. (v) Social cohesion is usually defied in reference to common aims and objectives, social order, social solidarity and the sense of place attachment. (vi) This study will focus n mergers in the media business between 1 990 and 2005, since with more recent examples an accurate assessment of the consequences cannot yet be made. (Taken from: Academic Writing. Handbook for International Students. Taylor and Francs Group. Id De. 2011. ?. 83-84. ) Task 1 1 . Study the following Introductions and decide which introduction is the best one. Prove your opinion. INTRODUCTION 1 The world is complex.But engineering education often presents knowledge about the world in different ways. For applications, this accumulation of knowledge divided into different areas must be brought together. So, a natural idea was to create interdisciplinary projects for engineering students. Additionally, projects were very suitable for co-operation between staff members and students. Basic knowledge in mathematics and physics is often necessary to the understanding of engineering processes. In addition, computer science and computer software are becoming even more important to the handling of complex phenomena and the relations between them. Projects about oscillators are presented requiring knowledge in these disciplines.The mathematical point of view is especially stressed. INTRODUCTION 2 Over the last decade, an increasing awareness has developed across engineering and technology of the need to recognize that the practice of engineering increasingly transcends national and cultural boundaries. Anecdotal evidence reveals that combining global generic competencies with technical education makes engineering graduates much more acceptable to the job market. It essentially enhances their employability. Evidence is also reported to show that engineering graduates with cross-cultural global experience have a greater empathy in dealing with cultural differences which hey encounter.With the rapid pace of change of technology, society and demographics, engineering educators are now faced with the challenge of developing a package of knowledge, skills inclusive of global Emotional Competencies. A starting point in establishing Emotional Competencies would be to understand and measure Emotional Intelligence in the lecture room. (Taken from: Global Journal of Engineering Education. Volvo. 12, , 2010. Up. 6, 17. ) 11. 1 In the introductions above underline the following components: 1. Purpose 2. Methods 3. Background outline 4. Definition 5. Limitation Note: it is important to avoid opening sentences that are over-general. Compare: 1) Nowadays there is a lot of competition among different providers of news. 2) Newspapers are currently facing strong competition from rival news providers such as the Internet and television.Writing Activity Task 12. Write introductory/opening sentences for the following topics. Example: How important is it for companies to have women as senior managers? Option: In recent years there has been a steady criticism of the lack of women in senior management. 1) Are there any technological solutions to global warming? ) What can be done to reduce infant mortality in developing countries? 3) Compare the perturbation process in two contrasting countries. Organizing Paragraphs Paragraphs are the best building blocks in academic writing. Well-structured paragraphs help reader understand to topic more easily by dividing up the argument into convenient sections.Guidelines to writing a good paragraph: A paragraph is a group of sentences that deal with the single topic; The length of paragraphs varies significantly according to text type, but should not be no less than 4 or 5 sentences; The first sentence (but not always) introduces the epic. Other sentences may give definitions, examples, information, reasons, restatements and summaries; The parts of the paragraph are linked together by phrases and conjunctions. They guide the reader easily through the arguments presented. (See appendix 1, p. ) Study the paragraph below. It is from introduction to an essay titled Should home ownership be encouraged? The rate Of home ownership varies widely across the developed world.Germany, for instance, has one of the lowest rates, at 42 per cent, while in Spain it is twice as high, 85 per cent. Both the USA and Britain have similar attest of about 69 per cent. The reasons for this variation appear to be more cultural and historic than economic, since high rates are found in both rich and poorer countries. There appears to be no conclusive link between national prosperity and the number of homeowners. The paragraph can be analyses: Topic sentence The rate of home ownership varies widely across the developed world. Example 1 Spain it is twice as high, 85 per cent. Example 2 Both the USA and Britain have similar rates of about 69 per cent.Reason The reasons for this variation appear to be more cultural and historic than economic, since high rates are found in both rich and poorer countries. Us Mary There appears to be no conclusive link between national prosperity and the number of homeowners. Task 13. The sentences below from the third paragraph of the same essay, but they have been mixed up. Use the table below to put them in the correct order. (I) These had been developed to allow higher-risk poorer families to buy their own homes, but contributed to a property price bubble. (ii) Many economists now argue that there is a maximum level of home ownership that should not be exceeded. Iii) All these claims were challenged by the economic crash of 2008, which was in large part caused by defaults on American sub-prime mortgages. (iv) Even households that had positive equity still felt poorer and reduced their spending. (v) Others were trapped in their houses by negative equity, in other words their houses were worth less than they had paid for them. (vi) When this burst, millions of people lost their homes, which for many had contained their savings. Topic sentence All these claims were challenged by the economic crash of 2008, which was in large part caused by defaults on American sub-prime mortgages. Definition Result 1 Result 2 Task 14. Read the following introductory paragraph to an essay and then discuss it with other students. Why is it a poor beginning?DISCUSS THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION IN YOUR COUNTRY Since the current trend of Green politics came to the fore, we have discovered our water is unfit for consumption; our meat is poisoned by various bacteria; and our fruit and vegetables are contaminated by chemicals. Not only are food and water affected, but the land and sea are constantly subject to chemical and nuclear dumping. In addition, sewage and various oil disasters have contributed to the increase in the killing of wildlife. Even the air we breathe is polluted every day by the millions of cars constantly pumping carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. 14. 1 The following introductory paragraph is on the same subject. Read and then discuss it. Why is it better than the one above?

Physical Geology Notes Essays - Environmental Soil Science

Physical Geology Notes Chapter Seven Weathering: Chemical alteration and mechanical breakdown of rock and sediment. * depth of air/water penetration * as distance of formation from surface rises, so does susceptibility to weathering * physical weathering: The physical breakup of rocks. * chemical weathering: The decomposition of rocks and minerals caused by stability-increasing chemical reactions. -rate of weathering positively linked to presence or absence of high mountains, and thus to plate tectonics Physical Weathering-Mechanical Processes (water, fire, roots) * development of joints- rock moved upward after erosion, causes fractures -columnar joints in igneous rock * crystal growth- salts precipitated from seeping groundwater * frost wedging- frozen seeping water * effects of heat- rocks don't conduct, spall (outer shell) breaks away * plant roots- seeds germinate in cracks Chemical Weathering-Chemical Reactions (stabilize to surface temp) * carbonic acid- rain + CO2 makes carbonic acid, frees H+ (comp. chg.) * hydrolysis- water ions replace mineral ions -decomposed potassium feldspar, kaolinite replaced * leaching- water removes soluble materials from bedrock/regolith -seeps into water, bad taste * oxidation- post-weathering iron release, goethite prod w/ hydration (O) -hematite produced w/ dehydration -intensity of color tells time/severity of weathering * dissolution- carbonic acid dissolves calcite (previously unsoluble) Results of Weathering * common rocks- granite's high silica hydrolysis=* clays & soluble min. -basalt oxidizes, limestone dissolves * conc of stable minerals- resistant to attack, @ streambeds/beaches b/c spec. grav. (cw) * weathering rinds- light colored rind surrounding a darker core of rock -composed of solid byproduct of chemical weathering * exfoliation- spalling off of outer rock shells caused by stress during weathering * spheroidal weathering- rock tendency to be rounded by weathering -weathering most effective w/ *surface area, & subdivision Factors of Weathering * rock type/structure- minerals: quarts & granite resistant -differential weathering based on composition & structure * slope- steep =* rapid, gradual =* slow * climate- moisture and heat promote reactions (chem. react. prev. @ =* eq.) -carbonate rocks (calcite diss.) in different regions * time- hundreds/thousands years for a few mm Soils: The part of the regolith that can support rooted plants. Formed by the weathering of bedrock: mineral component mixed with organic material. * soil horizons: identifiable succession of subhorizontal weathered zones * distinct physical, chemical, and biological characteristics * collectively known as soil profile (parent material =* surface) * O- surface organic debris * A- humus, chemical leaching * E- gray/white, present in evergreen forests (acidic soil) * B- enriched in clay produced by weathering within the horizon * K- only in arid zones (rich in calcium carbonate) * C- deepest, slight weathered parent material, lacks distinct properties, yel/brn oxidation * soil forming factors: * time * climate- rain & temperature * composition of parent material * vegetation cover * soil organisms * topography Soil Types (influence the process, classified by chem/phys properties) * polar soils- well drained, lack well-developed horizons, weak oxidation -wetter env'ts: tundra causes water-logged, organic rich soil, A not B * temperature-latitude soils- well-developed horizons, unique to env't -deciduous Affisols, evergreen Spodosols, mountainous Entisols and Inceptisols, prairie Mollisols * desert soils- no leaching produces solid, impervious layer of caliche * tropical soils- heavy weathering, leaching produces iron-rich laterite Environmental Aspects of Soils * rate of soil production: dependent on climate (in regolith, not bedrock (cw) * mod. T. & high R.- rapid, within 100s years * mod. T. & avg. R.- 100,000 years * low. T. & low. R.- millions of years * paleosols are ancient soils recorded in rock as unconformities Soil Erosion * indirect effects- lake infilling behind dams * rate of soil loss- 7% of soil lost each decade * control of erosion- soil conserving farming practices, terracing, tree planting * the world economy- soil is nonrenewable resource Chapter Eight Mass Wasting: The movement of regolith and masses of rock down slope under the pull of gravity. -No Carrier: Gravity is the primary force for mass movement. Requires slope. * role of gravity * shear stress (as slope +, tc +) -perpendicular component of gravity (perpendicular to inclined surface) holds in place -tangential component of gravity (parallel to inclined surface) causes to move * shear strength: internal resistance to movement -particle cohesion and plant roots govern * role of water -capillary attraction is cohesive until saturated (failure) Mass Wasting Processes -landslides = down slope movement of rock and/or regolith. * types of mast wasting * slope failure- sudden down slope movement of coherent masses (rocks) (dry) * sediment flows- down slope flow of mixtures (sediment, water, and air) Slope Failure * slump- down/out rotational movement on tilted concave up surface -can be annual event, associated w/ heavy rains or shock (earthquakes) * falls -rockfall- sudden free falling of detached bedrock from a steep slope -debris fall- accompanying regolith and vegetation * slides -rockslide- sudden